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School-wide Positive Behavior Support Research

Is School-wide Positive Behavior Support an Evidence-based Practice?
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  • Anderson, C.M. & Kincaid, D. (2005). Applying behavior analysis to school violence and discipline problems: School-wide positive behavior support. The Behavior Analyst, 28, 49-63.

  • Anderson, C.M. & Warzak, W.J. (2000). Using positive behavior support to facilitate the classroom adaptation of children with brain injuries. Proven Practice: Prevention and Remediation Solutions for Schools, 2, 72-82.

  • Artesani, A.J., & Mallar, L. (1998). Positive behavior support in general education settings: Combining person-centered planning and functional analysis. Intervention in School and Clinic, 34(1), 33-38.

  • Bohanon, H., Fenning, P., Carney, K.L., Minnis-Kim, M.J., Anderson-Harriss, S., Moroz, K.B., Hicks, K.J., Kasper, B.B., Culos, C., Sailor, W., & Piggott, T.D. (2006). Schoolwide application of positive behavior support in an urban high school: A case study. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 8(3), 131-145.

  • Brown, F., & Michaels, C.A. (2006). School-wide positive behavior support initiatives and students with severe disabilities: A time for reflection. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 31(1), 57-61.

  • Carr, E.G. (2006). SWPBS: The greatest good for the greatest number, or the needs of the majority trump the needs of the minority? Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 31(1), 54-56.

  • Cohen, R., Kincaid, D., & Childs, K.E. (2007). Measuring school-wide positive behavior support implementation: Development and validation of the benchmarks of quality. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9(4), 203-213.

  • Colvin, G., Kameenui, E.J., & Sugai, G. (1993). Reconceptualizing behavior management and school-wide discipline in general education. Education and Treatment of Children, 16(4), 361-381.

  • Crimmins, D.C., & Farrell, A.F. (2006). Individualized behavioral supports at 15 years: It’s still lonely at the top. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 31(1), 3145.

  • Crone, D.A., & Horner, R.H. (2003). Building positive behavior support systems in schools: Functional behavioral assessment. New York: Guilford.

  • Crone, D.A., Horner, R. H., & Hawken, L.S. (2004). Responding to problem behavior in schools: The behavior education program. New York: Guilford Press.

  • Foster-Johnson, L., & Dunlap, G. (1993). Using functional assessment to develop effective, individualized interventions for challenging behaviors. Teaching Exceptional Children, 25, 44-50.

  • Freeman, R., Eber, L., Anderson, C., Irvin, L., Bounds, M., Dunlap, G., & Horner, R.H. (2006). Building inclusive school cultures using school-wide PBS: Designing effective individual support systems for students with significant disabilities. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 4-17.

  • Hawken, L., MacLeod, K.S., & Rawlings, L. (2007). Effects of Behavior Education Program (BEP) on office discipline referrals of elementary school students. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9(2), 94-101.

  • Hawken, L., & O’Neill, R. (2006). Including students with severe disabilities in all levels of school-wide positive behavior support. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 31(1), 46-53.

  • Horner, R.H., & Sugai, G. (2000). School-wide behavior support: An emerging initiative (special issue). Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions, 2, 231-233.

  • Horner, R.H., & Sugai, G. (2001). “Data” need not be a four-letter word: Using data to improve schoolwide discipline. Beyond Behavior, 11(1), 20-22.

  • Horner, R.H., Sugai, G., & Horner, H.F. (2000). A school-wide approach to student discipline. The School Administrator, 2(57), 20-23.

  • Horner, R.H., Sugai, G., Lewis-Palmer, T., & Todd, A.W. (2001). Teaching school-wide behavioral expectations. Report on Emotional & Behavioral Disorders in Youth, 1(4), 77-79.

  • Horner, R.H., Sugai, G., Todd, A.W., & Lewis-Palmer, T. (1999-2000). Elements of behavior support plans: A technical brief. Exceptionality, 8(3), 205-215.

  • Horner, R.H., Sugai, G., Todd, A.W., & Lewis-Palmer, T. (2005). Schoolwide positive behavior support. In L.M. Bambara & L. Kern (Eds.). Individualized supports for students with problem behaviors (pp. 359-390). NY: Guilford Press.

  • Horner, R.H., Todd, A.W., Lewis-Palmer, T., Irvin, L.K., Sugai, G., & Boland, J.B. (2004). The school-wide evaluation tool (SET): A research instrument for assessing school-wide positive behavior support. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 6, 3-12.

  • Irvin, L.K., Tobin, T.J., Sprague, J.R., Sugai, G., Tobin, T.J., Vincent, C.G. (2004). Validity of office discipline referral measures as indices of school-wide behavioral status and effects of school-wide behavioral interventions. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 6(3), 131-147

  • Irvin, L.K., Horner, R.H., Ingram, K., Todd, A., Sugai, G., Sampson, N.K., Boland, J. (2006). Using office discipline referral data for decision making about student behavior in elementary and middle schools: An empirical evaluation of validity. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 8(1), 10-23.

  • Kellam, S.G., Ling, X., Merisca, R., Brown, C.H., & Ialong, N. (2008). The effect of the level of aggression in the first grade classroom on the course and malleability of aggressive behavior into middle school. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 165-185.

  • Kincaid, D., Childs, K., Blasé, K.A., & Wallace, F. (2007). Identifying barriers and facilitators in implementing schoolwide positive behavior support. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9(3), 174-184.

  • Lassen, S. R., Steele, M. M., Sailor, W. (2006). The relationship of school-wide positive behavior support to academic achievement in an urban middle school. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 701-712.

  • Lewis, T.J. (2001). Building infrastructure to enhance schoolwide systems of positive behavioral support: Essential features of technical assistance. Beyond Behavior, 11(1), 10-12.

  • Lewis, T.J., & Daniels, C. (2000). Rethinking school discipline through effective behavioral support. Reaching Today’s Youth, 5, 43-47.

  • Lewis, T.J. Garrison-Harrell, L. (1999). Effective behavior support: Designing setting specific interventions. Effective School Practices, 17, 38-46.

  • Lewis, T.J., & Newcomer, L.L. (2002). Examining the efficacy of school-based consultation: Recommendations for improving outcomes. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 24, 165-181.

  • Lewis, T.J., Newcomer, L., Kelk, M., & Powers, L. (2000). Preventing and addressing aggressive and violent behavior through individual systems of positive behavioral support. Reaching Today’s Youth, 5, 37-41.

  • Lewis, T.J., & Sugai, G. (1996). Descriptive and experimental analysis of teacher and peer attention and the use of assessment-based intervention to improve pro-social behavior. Journal of Behavioral Education, 6, 7-24.

  • Lewis, T.J., & Sugai, G. (1999). Effective behavior support: A systems approach to proactive school-wide management. Focus on Exceptional Children, 31(6), 1-24.

  • Lewis, T.J., Sugai, G., & Colvin, G. (1998). Reducing problem behavior through a school-wide system of effective behavioral support: Investigation of a school-wide social skills training program and contextual interventions. School Psychology Review, 27, 446-459.

  • Lewis-Palmer, T., Sugai, G., & Larson, S. (1999). Using data to guide decisions about program implementation and effectiveness. Effective School Practices, 17(4), 47-53.

  • Liaupsin, C.J., Jolivette, K., & Scott, T.M. (2004). School-wide systems of support: Maximizing student success in schools. In R.B. Rutherford, M.M. Quinn, & R. Sathur (Eds.). Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders (pp.487-501). NY: Guilford Press.

  • Lohrman-O'Rourke, S., Knoster, T., Sabatine, K., Smith, D., Horvath, B., & Llewellyn, G. (2000). School-wide application of PBS in the Bangor Area School District. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2(4), 238-240.

  • Lohrmann, S., & Talerico, L. (2004). Anchor the boat: A classwide intervention to reduce problem behavior. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 6, 113-120.

  • Luiselli, J.K., Putnam, R.F., & Handler, M.W. (2001). Improving discipline practices in public schools: Description of a whole-school and district-wide model of behavior analysis consultation. The Behavior Analyst Today, 2(1), 18-26.

  • Luiselli, J.K., Putnam, R.F., & Sunderland, M. (2002). Longitudinal evaluation of behavior support intervention in a public middle school. Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions, 4(3), 182-188.

  • Maag, J.W. (1997). Parenting without punishment: Making problem behavior work for you. Reclaiming Children and Youth: Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 6(3), 176-179.

  • Mayer, G.R., & Butterworth, T. (1981). Evaluating a preventative approach to reducing school vandalism. Phi Delta Kappan, 62, 498-499.

  • Mayer, G.R., Butterworth, T., Nafpaktitis, M., &Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1983). Preventing school vandalism and improving discipline: A three-year study. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 16, 355-369.

  • Mayer, G.R., Nafpaktitis, M., Butterworth, T., & Hollingsworth, P. (1987). A search for the elusive setting events of school vandalism: A correlational study. Education and Treatment of Children, 10, 259-270.

  • Mayer, G.R., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1990). Interventions for vandalism. In G. Stoner, M. R. Shinn, & H.M. Walker (Eds.), Interventions for achievement and behavior problems (pp. 599-580) [Monograph]. Washington, DC: National Association for School Psychologists.

  • McCurdy, B.L., Mannella, M.C., & Eldridge, N. (2003). Positive behavior support in urban schools: Can we prevent the escalation of antisocial behavior? Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 5, 158-170.

  • McIntosh, K., Chard, D.J., Boland, J.B.,& Horner, R.H. (2006). Demonstration of combined efforts in school-wide academic and behavioral systems and incidence of reading and behavior challenges in early elementary grades. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 8(3), 146-155.

  • McIntosh, K., Horner, R.H., Chard, D.J., Boland, J.B., & Good, R.H. (2006). The use of reading and behavior screening measures to predict non-response to school-wide positive behavior support: A longitudinal analysis. School Psychology Review, 35, 275-291.

  • Murray, M., Clarke, S., & Worcester, J. (2002). A teacher’s perspective of using PBS in a classroom for a girl with multiple disabilities. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 4(3), 189-192.

  • Nakasato, J. (2000). Data-based decision making in Hawaii's behavior support effort. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2(4), 247-251.

  • Nelson, J.R., Martella, R., & Marchand-Martella, N. (2002). Maximizing student learning: The effects of a comprehensive school-based program for  preventing problem behaviors. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10. 136-148.

  • Nersesian, M., Todd, A., Lehmann, J., & Watson, J. (2000). School-wide behavior support through district-level systems change. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2(4), 244-246.

  • O'Neill, R., Williams, R., Sprague, J.R., Horner, R.H., & Albin, R.W. (1993). Providing support for teachers working with students with severe problem behaviors: A model for providing consulting support within school district. Education & Treatment of Children, 16, 66-89.

  • Putnam, R.F., Handler, M.W., Ramirez-Platt, C.M., & Luiselli, J.K. (2003). Improving student bus-riding behavior through a whole-school intervention. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 583-589.

  • Putnam, R.F., Luiselli, J.K., Handler, M.W., & Jefferson, G.L. (2003). Evaluating student discipline practices in a public school through behavioral assessment of office referrals. Behavior Modification, 27(4), 505-523.

  • Putnam, R.F., Luiselli, J.K., & Jefferson, G.L. (2002). Expanding technical assistance consultation to public schools: District-wide evaluation of instructional and behavior support practices for students with developmental disabilities. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 24,113-128.

  • Putnam, R.F., Luiselli, J.K, Sennett, K., & Malonson, J. (2002). Cost-efficacy analysis of out-of-district placements: An evaluative measure of behavior support intervention in public schools. Journal of Special Education, 15(1), 17-24

  • Reed, H., Thomas, E., Sprague, J.R., & Horner, R.H. (1997). The student guided functional assessment interview: An analysis of student and teacher agreement. Journal of Behavioral Education, 7(1), 33-49.

  • Sadler, C. (2000). Implementation of effective behavior support at the district level. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2(4), 241-243.

  • Scott, T.M. (2007). Issues of personal dignity and social validity in schoolwide positive behavior support. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9(2), 102-112.

  • Scott, T.M., & Barrett, S.B. (2004). Using staff and student time engaged in disciplinary procedures to evaluate the impact of school-wide PBS. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 6, 21-28.

  • Scott, T.M., & Eber, L. (2003). Functional assessment and wraparound as systemic school processes: Primary, secondary, and tertiary systems examples. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 5, 131-143.

  • Scott, T.M., & Hunter, J. (2001). Initiative schoolwide support systems: An administrator’s guide to the process. Beyond Behavior, 11(1), 13-15.

  • Scott, T.M., Liaupsin, C.J., Nelson, C.M., & Jolivette, K. (2003). Ensuring student success through team-based functional behavioral assessment. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(5), 16-21. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 8(3), 165-173.

  • Scott, T.M., & Nelson, C.M. (1999). Using functional behavioral assessment to develop effective intervention plans: Practical classroom applications. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 1, 242-251.

  • Shores, R.E., Wehby, J.H., &Jack, S.L. (1999). Analyzing behavior disorders in classrooms. In A.C. Repp & R.H. Horner (Eds.), Functional analysis of problem behavior: From effective assessment to effective support (pp. 219-237). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

  • Skiba, R.J., & Peterson, R.L. (1999). The dark side of zero tolerance: Can punishment lead to safe schools? Phi Delta Kappan, 80, 372-382.

  • Skiba, R.J., & Peterson, R.L. (2000). School discipline at a crossroads: From zero tolerance to early response. Exceptional Children, 66, 335-347.

  • Skiba, R.J., Peterson, R.L., & Williams, T. (1997). Office referrals and suspensions: Disciplinary intervention in middle schools. Education and Treatment of Children, 20, 295-315.

  • Smith, B.W., & Sugai, G. (2000). A self-management functional assessment-based behavior support plan for a middle school student with EBD. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 2, 208-217.

  • Smith, C., & Freeman, R.L. (2002). A model for evaluating school-based and school-linked programs while building local capacity and expertise. American Journal of Evaluation, 23(3), 307-319.

  • Snell, M.E. (2006). What’s the verdict: Are students with severe disabilities included in school-wide positive behavior support? Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 31(1), 62-65.

  • Sprague, J., Sugai, G., & Walker, H. (I1999). Antisocial behavior in schools. In S. Watson & F. Gresham (Eds.), Child behavior therapy: Ecological considerations in assessment, treatment, and evaluation. New York, NY: Plenum Press.

  • Sprague, J., Walker, H., Golly, A., White, K., Myers, D.R.,& Shannon, T. (2001). Translating research into effective practice: The effects of a universal staff and student intervention on indicators of discipline and school safety. Education and Treatment of Children, 24, 495-511.

  • Sprick, R., Sprick, M., & Garrison, M. (1992). Foundations: Developing positive school-wide discipline policies. Longmont, CO: Sopris West.

  • Stewart, R.M., Benner, G.J., Martella, R.C., & Marchand-Martella, N.E. (2007). Three-tier models of reading and behavior: A research review. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9(4), 239-253.

  • Sugai, G. (1996). Providing effective behavior support to all students: Procedures and processes. SAIL, 11(1), 1-4.

  • Sugai, G.M. (1992). The design of instruction and the proactive management of social behaviors. Learning Disabilities Forum, 17(2), 20-23.

  • Sugai, G., & Horner, R. (1994). Including students with severe behavior problems in general education settings: Assumptions, challenges, and solutions. In J. Marr, G. Sugai, & G. Tindal (Eds.). The Oregon Conference Monograph, 6, 102-20. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon.

  • Sugai, G., & Horner, R.H. (1999-2000). Including the functional behavioral assessment technology in schools (invited special issue). Exceptionality, 8, 145-148.

  • Sugai, G., & Horner, R.H. (1999). Discipline and behavioral support: Preferred processes and practices. Effective School Practices, 17(4), 10-22.

  • Sugai, G., & Horner, R.H. (2001). Features of effective behavior support at the district level. Beyond Behavior, 11(1), 16-19.

  • Sugai, G., & Horner, R.H. (2002). The evolution of discipline practices: School-wide positive behavior supports. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 24, 23-50.

  • Sugai, G., Horner, R.H., Dunlap, G., Hieneman, M., Lewis, T.J., Nelson, C.M., Scott, T., Liaupsin, C., Sailor, W., Turnbull, A.P., Turnbull, H.R. III, Wickham, D., Ruef, M., & Wilcox, B. (2000). Applying positive behavior support and functional behavioral assessment in schools, Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2, 131-143.

  • Sugai, G., Horner, R.H., & Gresham, F. (in press). Behaviorally effective school environments. In M.R. Shinn, G. Stoner, & H.M. Walker (Eds), Interventions for academic and behavior problems: Preventive and remedial approaches. National Association of School Psychologists. Silver Spring, MD.

  • Sugai, G., & Lewis, T. (1996). Preferred and promising practices for social skills instruction. Focus on Exceptional Children, 29(4), 1-16.

  • Sugai, G., Lewis-Palmer, T., & Hagan-Burke, S. (1999-2000). Overview of the functional behavioral assessment process. Exceptionality, 8, 149-160.

  • Sugai, G., Lewis-Palmer, T., Todd, A., & Horner, R.H. (2001). School-wide evaluation tool. Eugene: University of Oregon.

  • Sugai, G., Sprague, J.R., Horner, R.H., & Walker, H.M. (2000). Preventing school violence: The use of office discipline referrals to assess and monitor school-wide discipline interventions. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8, 94-101.

  • Taylor-Greene, S., Brown, D., Nelson, L., Longton, J., Gassman, T., Cohen, J., Swartz, J., Horner, R.H., Sugai, G., & Hall, S. (1997). School-wide behavioral support: Starting the year off right. Journal of Behavioral Education, 7, 99-112.

  • Taylor-Greene, S., & Kartub, D. (2000). Durable implementation of school-wide behavior support: The high five program. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2(4), 233-234.

  • Tobin, T., Sugai, G., & Colvin, G. (1996). Patterns in middle school discipline records. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 4(2), 82-94.

  • Tobin, T., Sugai, G., & Colvin, G. (2000). A guide to the creation and use of discipline referral graphs. NASSP Bulletin, 84(616), 106-117.

  • Todd, A.W., Haugen, L., Anderson, K., & Spriggs, M. (2002). Teaching recess: Low cost efforts producing effective results. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 4(1).

  • Todd, A., Horner, R.H., Sugai, G., & Colvin, G. (1999). Individualizing school-wide discipline for students with chronic problem behaviors: A team approach. Effective School Practices, 17(4), 72-82.

  • Todd, A.W., Horner, R.H., Sugai, G., & Sprague, J.R. (1999). Effective behavior support: Strengthening school-wide systems through a team-based approach. Effective School Practices, 17(4), 23-37.

  • Todd, A., Horner, R., Vanater, S., & Schneider, C. (1995). Working together to make change: An example of positive behavior support for a student with traumatic brain injury. Education and Treatment of Children, 20, 23-33.

  • Turnbull, A., Edmonson, H., Griggs, P., Wickham, D., Sailor, W., Freeman, R., Guess, D., Lassen, S., McCart, A., Park, J., Riffel, L., Turnbull, R., & Warren, J. (2002). A blueprint for schoolwide positive behavior support: Implementation of three components. Exceptional Children 68(3), 377-402.

  • Utley, C.A., Sailor, W., (2002). Guest editorial: Positive behavior support and urban school improvement: A Special Section of The Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 4(4), 195.

  • Vaughn, B.J. (2006). The wave of SWPBS: Who is left behind? Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 31(1), 66-69.

  • Walker, H.M., Horner, R.H., Sugai, G., Bullis, M., Sprague, J.R., Bricker, D., & Kaufman, M.J. (1996). Integrated approaches to preventing antisocial behavior patterns among school-age children and youth. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 4(4), 194-209.

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